Ask most New Zealanders if they know who William Pember Reeves is and the
reply is likely to be "Never heard of him", yet this politician was a major
influence in New Zealand politics in the 1880s and 1890s and in 1896 was
appointed agent general for New Zealand in the United Kingdom, and is also
one of New Zealand's better-known early poets. Allen Curnow in his
introduction to The Penguin Book of New Zealand Verse fittingly
describes him as New Zealand's first eminent statesman and law giver,
and her first native-born poet worth the name.
William Pember Reeves' father
William Pember Reeves' father, William Reeves, was a politician and a
newspaper editor. After working in a bank and becoming a member of the
London Stock Exchange he and his wife Ellen Pember emigrated to New Zealand
in 1857 and settled in Canterbury. He worked as a customs clerk, farmed at
Rangiora, managed Charles Torlesse's run at Fernside, and then bought a
share in the Lyttelton Times, became manager and later editor.
He entered politics in 1867, but was not an outstanding politician, and his
career successes came in his role as editor of the Lyttelton Times. From
covering the concerns of the Canterbury province in the 1870s it expanded
its focus and became the voice of liberal thinkers and politicians.
William Pember Reeves' schooling
William Pember Reeves was born in 1857, and was sent to boarding school at
a preparatory school for Christ's College when he was five years old. When
his family moved into the town of Christchurch he was a day pupil at the
Presbyterian High School and then at Christ's College. He was a very
successful student in all subjects except mathematics and won school and
provincial government scholarships and an entrance scholarship for the
University of New Zealand in Classics, English, French, German and
history.
In 1874 he sailed to England to study law at Oxford, like his uncle,
William Pember, but a breakdown in health caused him to give up this plan
and return to New Zealand. Work as a cadet on a farm in mid-Canterbury
improved his health and he moved back to Christchurch and worked in a law
firm, which led to his being admitted to the Bar in 1880.
Early career and marriage
He wrote up Christchurch Supreme Court cases for the New Zealand law
reports for two years but law did not really attract him and he began to
write political comment for the Lyttelton Times and became its
parliamentary correspondent.
In 1885 he was appointed editor of his father's weekly paper, The
Canterbury Times.
In that same year he married Magdalene (Maud) Stuart Robison. Her father,
William Smoult Robison was a Christchurch bank manager. The couple had two
daughters, Amber born in 1887 and Beryl born in 1889. Later in 1895 they
had a son called Fabian.
1887 saw his first active involvement in politics. He fought for a railway
to link Christchurch with Nelson and the West Coast. He founded the
Canterbury Electors' Association to support the Stout-Vogel government in
the 1887 election and push for the suggested railway.
This group was not without opposition. The opponents of the Government
set up the Political Reform Association and Reeves presented this conflict
as a clash between capitalists and working people. This was rather an
exaggeration, but it gave him an opportunity to demonstrate his speaking
skills which impressed Julius Vogel.
Elected to Parliament
Reeves stood for the seat of St Albans and was elected, but the Stout-Vogel
government was defeated and Robert Stout lost his seat. When Vogel
returned to England the following year the party now becoming known as the
Liberals had lost both its leaders. Reeves found being on the opposition
benches a frustrating experience.
Socialist views expressed
Writing he found more satisfying. In 1889 he became editor of the
Lyttelton Times , and under his editorship it became a widely read
voice of Liberal views. Under the pseudonym, Pharos, he wrote
articles for the paper on socialism and communism. These were published in
pamphlet form in 1890, the first writing published on that subject in New
Zealand. He showed his wide reading on the subject in his discussion of
utopias from Plato onward, and it was clear that he was not writing just a
historical account, but that he was strongly influenced by socialism. The
writings which most influenced his thinking were by Ferdinand Lassalle and
the English Fabian socialists. He was impressed by their belief that
increased socialist support for the people should come gradually and as a
parliamentary process.
New Zealand had suffered a long depression in the 1880s. This had
encouraged radical thinking, and the trade unions were calling for factory
legislation. Word was spreading of the 'sweated' labour conditions in
clothing factories in Dunedin. Land reformers called for a tax on land.
Satirical and romantic poetry
Reeves also began writing poetry and short stories. The Lyttelton Times
Company published a book of poems under the title, Colonial couplets,
being poems in partnership by Reeves and G. P. Williams. Williams
wrote amusing verse, Reeves wrote political satire and also romantic verse.
Critics today vary in their estimation of Reeves's poetry, but the buying
public of the day approved and bought up two editions of the poems.
Government minister
In the election of 1891 Ballance's Liberal Party won on promises of labour
and land reforms. Reeves as a Liberal candidate won his seat comfortably
and was listed third in the new cabinet. He was to be Minister of
Education and Minister of Justice. In 1892 he had a further portfolio, as
minister of labour. He was said to be the first Minister of Labour in the
British Empire.
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William Pember Reeves
in the 1890s
Photo source family collection
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He resigned from his position as editor of The Lyttelton Times.
His father died shortly after and left his estate virtually bankrupt. The
family no longer had any control over the newspaper.
As Minister of Education
In his education portfolio Reeves instituted changes in the structure and
quality of primary teaching. He worked hard to get a uniform system for
standards of education and for teachers' salaries. He took a keen interest
in Maori schools, visiting a number of them. He was especially interested
in improving the teaching of English. He expressed satisfaction over a 10%
increase in the attendance of Maori schoolchildren in the mid 1890s.
He wished to provide free secondary schooling for those who could not
afford the fees, but decided that it was too expensive a measure and
postponed it. If he had tried to institute it he would have had little
support from the other members of the Cabinet.
As Minister of Labour
After three years struggling to get the upper house, the Legislative
Council, to pass his bills Reeves succeeded with the Industrial
Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1894. This bill introduced compulsory
arbitration in industrial disputes - probably the first such provision in
the world. This measure sought to facilitate the settlement of disputes
and encourage the formation of Industrial Unions and Associations.
This act was to be the dominant influence in New Zealand's industrial
relations for the next seventy nine years.
Other significant labour legislation passed while Reeves was Minister of
Labour:
Truck Act 1891
This forced employers to pay wages in cash and give up the practice of
paying wages in kind.
Shipping and Seamen's Amendment Act 1894
This cut down penalties for breaches in discipline, improved sanitary
provisions, and set the proportion of skilled seamen necessary in ships at
sea.
Factories Act 1894
This decreed that no children under fourteen were to be employed, and
children under fifteen could be employed only if they had passed an
education test. The maximum hours to be worked by women and children was
forty eight hours per week.
Establishment of Department of Labour
This organisation sent inspectors into factories to see that the Factories Act
was being obeyed.
Shops and Shop-assistants Act 1894
Reeves had to face much opposition before this act was passed, but it had a
huge impact on New Zealand shopping hours resulting in the closure of
almost all shops from midday on Saturday until Monday morning.
Support for land reforms
Reeves used his powerful speaking skills to support John McKenzie's land
reforms which aimed to break up the large estates.
In his political decisions Reeves was strongly influenced by his socialist
sympathies.
Death of Ballance in 1893 and Seddon's leadership
After Ballance died Richard John Seddon became Prime Minister. Friction
between Reeves and Seddon who wanted the labour legislation to be slowed
down in 1895 was probably one factor behind the offer to Reeves of his next
appointment.
